Enable seamless interoperability between mobile money systems to reduce remittance costs from 7% to <2%

Analysis of interoperability protocols, technical architectures, and regulatory frameworks enabling cross-network settlement. Comparison of costs, speed, and user experience across integrated and siloed systems.

Open-loop interoperability reduces transaction costs by 70-80% and settlement time from 3-5 days to <1 minute. Successful models exist: M-Pesa interoperability in Kenya, bKash-Nagad integration in Bangladesh. Key barriers are monopoly incentives and regulatory fragmentation. $40B annual opportunity for remittance-dependent economies.