Analyze farmer adaptation strategies to increasing temperature and precipitation variability across climate-vulnerable regions.

Longitudinal study of 2,500+ farming households across 5 climate zones; crop yield trend analysis (20-year records); irrigation adoption impact; cost-benefit analysis of climate-smart practices; income diversification patterns; climate information service usage; vulnerability frameworks.

Farmer adaptation uneven and constrained: wealthier farmers shift to higher-value, less exposed crops; poorer farmers locked into climate-vulnerable staples. 5-2% annually in water-scarce regions. Drought-resistant crop adoption slower than climate shifts. Livelihood diversification most effective but requires human capital and migration.

Climate information services modest impact (2-5%) unless new climate regime.